Somalia, over the years, has suffered from prolonged civil conflict and terrorist activities. It has been wit nessing repeated clan disputes over different issues, including control and ownership of open terrain, grazing land, agricultural land, as well as water wells and reservoirs. Besides each other, the clans have also clashed with the al-Shabaab terrorist organization. So has the Somali government. Al-Shabaab employs suicide bombings, assassinations, and assaults against clans they cannot rule, as well as government officials and institutions. The Somali government has been conducting operations against al-Shabaab, aiming to reclaim significant territories from the group’s control. However, al-Shabaab continues to maintain a presence in certain areas by leveraging local dynamics and support from various sources.

Alongside the insecurity – instigated by clan-based militias and terrorism – the country is susceptible to climate change, resulting in extended and...